Nature, Published online: 12 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08681-0A Homo aff. erectus individual dated to 1.4million to 1.1million years ago found at Sima del Elefante (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain) does not display the modern-human-like aspect of Homo antecessor found at the neighbouring Gran Dolina site (900,000800,000 years ago).