This combination photo shows National Intelligence Director nominee Tulsi Gabbard, left, Oct. 27, 2024, in New York and FBI Director nominee Kash Patel, in Washington, Monday, Jan. 20, 2025. (AP Photo)2025-01-27T05:04:07Z LONDON (AP) As Russia moved closer to invading Ukraine nearly three years ago, the United States and its allies took the extraordinary step of declassifying and sharing intelligence to expose Moscows plans. Information flew across the Atlantic from U.S. spy agencies to NATO and Western partners showing that Russia was poised to launch the biggest attack on a European country since World War II. It was designed to muster support for Kyiv, and on the strength of the U.S. warning, some nations sent weapons to Ukraine, which moved some equipment out of the range of Russian strikes.Now, officials are bracing for a potentially changed security landscape under President Donald Trump. He has criticized Americas allies and lambasted its intelligence agencies. Hes been accused of disregarding secrecy rules and hoarding classified documents. Tulsi Gabbard, Trumps pick for director of national intelligence, has parroted Russian propaganda while his nominee to lead the FBI, Kash Patel, has promised changes that could significantly curtail the flow of intelligence to Americas friends. Both are expected to face sharp questioning from lawmakers during confirmation hearings Thursday. The Associated Press spoke with 18 current and former senior European and U.S. officials who worked in NATO, defense, diplomacy or intelligence. Many raised questions and concerns about Trumps past relationship with Americas spies and their ability to share information at a time of heightened terror threats and signs of greater cooperation between U.S. adversaries. The importance of trustThe U.S. and its allies routinely share top-secret information, be it about potential terror threats, Chinese cyberattacks or Russian troop movements. Americas closest intelligence partners are New Zealand, Australia, Canada and Britain, and it often shares with other nations or sometimes even adversaries when lives are at stake.In July, the U.S. helped foil a Russian plot to assassinate the head of a German arms manufacturer that produced weapons for Ukraine. In August, the CIA said it provided intelligence to Austrian authorities that allowed them to disrupt a plan, allegedly inspired by the Islamic State group, to attack a Taylor Swift concert in Vienna.Cooperation particularly between the U.S. and the U.K. is strong and robust enough to withstand some turbulence at the political level, said Lord Peter Ricketts, former U.K. national security adviser and current chair of the European Affairs Committee of the upper chamber of the British Parliament. However, any strong intelligence relationship is underpinned by trust, and what if trust isnt there? Ricketts said.There was some skepticism about U.S. intelligence ahead of the invasion of Ukraine due to the faulty American information that led to the invasion of Iraq in 2001, said Oana Lungescu, a fellow at the Royal United Services Institute in London and formerly NATOs longest-serving spokesperson. But when combined with information from its security partners, Americas remarkable intelligence enabled the NATO alliance to raise the alert about Russia, Lungescu said. European leaders are working to convince Trumps administration that threats on the continent also are relevant for the United States.There shouldnt be much debate, said former U.S. Ambassador to Russia, Mike McFaul, who said theres a direct relationship between U.S. intelligence sharing and national security. He noted that U.S. authorities have warned of escalating terror threats.One of our great advantages is that we have incredible intelligence capabilities and we have allies that we share that with its a force multiplier for us, said McFaul, who now teaches at Stanford University. Well lose that if were no longer considered trustworthy.The Trump team has an open mind and is in a listening mode, Norways Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Stre said, adding that was a good sign because when you come in with a new administration in a very eventful, rapidly changing environment, getting on the same footing is a challenge. Predicting Trumps moves, however, is difficult. He has criticized NATO allies for not spending enough on defense. He even suggested he would encourage Russia to invade countries that didnt pay what he thought they should. But he didnt follow through on the threat. Last time it didnt turn out so badly: He was going to throw NATO under the bus, but he didnt do that, former U.S. Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte said. The rhetoric turned out to be transactional.Spokespeople for the White House and Gabbard did not respond to questions about Trump and his nominees or how they planned to handle intelligence sharing with Americas allies.NATO members have hiked their defense spending as Trump has demanded and the alliance is now bigger than before, with Sweden and Finland joining after Russia invaded Ukraine. There is a big risk of continuing to take American support for European, NATO countries ... and defense of Ukraine for granted, said Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson.But it would also be risky to assume the U.S. is simply leaving. On that question, Kristersson said, the jury is very much out.Concerns about Trumps intel picks Trumps choice of Gabbard to oversee more than a dozen intelligence agencies has alarmed lawmakers from both parties and many current and former intelligence officials. Gabbard, a former Democratic congresswoman who later became a Trump ally, met since-deposed Syrian President Bashar Assad in 2017 in Damascus and has promoted Russian propaganda about its invasion of Ukraine.If confirmed, Gabbard would have the power to declassify information and direct some intelligence sharing with allies.A European intelligence official, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive matters, said that while there is concern around some of Trumps nominations, there is no reason to think we cant trust them because of who is in power. The official suggested nominees like Gabbard and Patel havent heard all the facts yet and could grow and learn when presented with the full picture.With thousands of professionals working in a multitude of agencies, the day-to-day operations of Americas spy services may look very similar under the Trump administration. And there are safeguards, current and former officials told the AP, that include agencies sharing intelligence but not sources. But those in top positions will have a huge impact if they lead to staff departures, curtail longstanding surveillance programs as Patel has suggested or politicize their offices in ways that can be exploited by Moscow and other adversaries.The task for Europe is to convince everybody to focus on Russia, the real troublemaker, the intelligence official said.Alongside Gabbard, Patel has rattled intelligence insiders in the U.S. and elsewhere because hes criticized surveillance programs like the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which U.S. authorities use to keep tabs on suspected spies and terrorists overseas. The United States shared intelligence gathered through that law with Russia when public safety was at stake, passing along a warning before a deadly concert attack in Moscow in March that killed 145 people. It is not clear if Moscow tried to act on the warning. Allies heavily depend on US intelligenceThe European Union must be realistic that if the U.S. is reducing its participation in Europe, European members have to be ready to fill any gap, said former Finnish President Sauli Niinist, who has called for the 27-nation bloc to create its own intelligence agency.Many global tech and communication firms such as Google, Apple and Microsoft as well as Elon Musks X are based in the U.S., giving American law enforcement and spy agencies an advantage over their foreign counterparts, which may lack the political or legal means to obtain information.Niinist hosted a summit between Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2018, in which Trump openly questioned his own intelligence agencies finding that Russia meddled in the 2016 U.S. election to his benefit, restating Putins claim that Moscow was not involved.Niinist, whose country borders Russia, described his discussions with Trump while in office as clear, open and frank.I tried to tell him: We need you, but you need us, too, Niinist said. ___Klepper reported from Washington. EMMA BURROWS Burrows is an Associated Press reporter covering Russia, Belarus, Central Asia and the Caucasus. She is based in London. twitter